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Niobium vs Calcium

Niobium
Calcium
Calcium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Ca   
Group Number
5   
13
2   
16
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkaline Earth   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7440702   
21
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Humphry Davy   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1808   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
7 * 10-3 %   
3
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.007 %   
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
1.10 %   
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
5.00 %   
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
5
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
1.40 %   
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
839.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
1,484.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
1.75   
17
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
170.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Ca   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
19   
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
1.00   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
0.95   
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.04   
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.08   
17
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
1.03   
39
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
3.00   
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
2.87 eV   
38
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
20   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Ar] 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
20   
99+
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
20   
99+
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
20   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
197.00 pm   
6
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
176.00 pm   
22
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
231.00 pm   
19
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
40.08 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
558.84 pm   
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
25.50 (Pa)   
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
7.40 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
17.00 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
20.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
4.58   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
201.00 W/m·K   
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
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