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Calcium vs Niobium

Calcium
Niobium
Niobium vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca  
Nb  
Group Number
2  
16
5  
13
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440702  
21
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1808  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %  
4
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %  
3
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
5
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %  
1
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
839.00 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75  
18
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ca  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95  
99+
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04  
35
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08  
99+
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.03  
99+
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00  
9
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV  
99+
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
20  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
20  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm  
8
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm  
24
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm  
23
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm  
10
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
20.00 MPa  
99+
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
6
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa  
99+
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa  
99+
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58  
99+
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K  
5
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
1,115.00 K  
99+
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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