Niobium vs Aluminium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
Al
Group Number
5
13
13
5
Period Number
5
3
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7429905
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
- Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
- It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Hans Christian Oersted
Discovery
In 1801
In 1825
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
5 * 10-3 %
5
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.006 %
5
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
0.91 %
5
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
8.10 %
1
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
6
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
10
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
0.39 Blood/mg dm-3
9
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
27.00 p.p.m.
11
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
660.37 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
2,467.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
2.75
13
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
160.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
160.00 MPa
35
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
5,000.00 m/s
10
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
71.00 %
10
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
Al
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
11
27
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
1.61
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
1.71
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.47
14
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.83
8
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
1.61
20
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
2.39
32
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
577.50 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,816.70 kJ/mol
19
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,744.80 kJ/mol
38
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
11,577.00 kJ/mol
3
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
14,842.00 kJ/mol
2
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
18,379.00 kJ/mol
2
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
23,326.00 kJ/mol
2
8th Energy Level
Not Available
27,465.00 kJ/mol
2
9th Energy Level
Not Available
31,853.00 kJ/mol
2
10th Energy Level
Not Available
38,473.00 kJ/mol
4
11th Energy Level
Not Available
42,647.00 kJ/mol
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
0.34 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
4.28 eV
19
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
13
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Aluminium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
13
99+
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
14
99+
Number of Electrons
41
99+
13
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
143.00 pm
37
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
121.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
184.00 pm
34
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
26.98 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
10.00 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
80.70 (-eV)
17
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
404.95 pm
22
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
2.70 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
2.38 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
40.00 MPa
19
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
18
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
26.00 GPa
29
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
76.00 GPa
18
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
70.00 GPa
28
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.35
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
2.72
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
0.00 H/m
4
Susceptibility
Not Available
0.00
3
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
28.20 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.38 106/cm Ω
4
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
42.50 kJ/mol
26
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.90 J/(kg K)
5
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
24.20 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
237.00 W/m·K
4
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
23.10 µm/(m·K)
17
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
293.70 kJ/mol
31
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
10.67 kJ/mol
35
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
322.20 kJ/mol
31
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
28.30 J/mol.K
99+
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