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Aluminium vs Niobium

Aluminium
Niobium
Niobium vs Aluminium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Al  
Nb  
Group Number
13  
5
5  
13
Period Number
3  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7429905  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
229.00  
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
  • Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
  • It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Hans Christian Oersted  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1825  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-3 %  
5
2 * 10-7 %  
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.006 %  
5
~0.0000004 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.91 %  
5
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
8.10 %  
1
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
6
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
10
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.39 Blood/mg dm-3  
9
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
27.00 p.p.m.  
11
0.07 p.p.m.  
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
660.37 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
2,467.00 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.75  
13
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
160.00 MPa  
99+
735.00 MPa  
14
Vickers Hardness
160.00 MPa  
35
870.00 MPa  
12
Speed of Sound
5,000.00 m/s  
10
3,480.00 m/s  
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
10
Not Available  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Al  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
11  
27
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.61  
22
1.60  
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.71  
13
1.42  
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47  
14
1.23  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.83  
8
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
1.61  
20
1.41  
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.39  
32
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,816.70 kJ/mol  
19
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,744.80 kJ/mol  
38
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
11,577.00 kJ/mol  
3
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
14,842.00 kJ/mol  
2
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
36
6th Energy Level
18,379.00 kJ/mol  
2
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
11
7th Energy level
23,326.00 kJ/mol  
2
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
27,465.00 kJ/mol  
2
Not Available  
9th Energy Level
31,853.00 kJ/mol  
2
Not Available  
10th Energy Level
38,473.00 kJ/mol  
4
Not Available  
11th Energy Level
42,647.00 kJ/mol  
5
Not Available  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.34 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.28 eV  
19
4.30 eV  
18
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
13  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2 3p1  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Aluminium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
13  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
14  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
13  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
143.00 pm  
37
146.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
121.00 pm  
99+
164.00 pm  
28
Van der Waals Radius
184.00 pm  
34
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
26.98 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.00 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Magnesium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Potassium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.70 (-eV)  
17
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
404.95 pm  
22
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.70 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm3  
99+
Not Available  
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
19
330.00 MPa  
12
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
18
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa  
29
38.00 GPa  
19
Bulk Modulus
76.00 GPa  
18
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
70.00 GPa  
28
105.00 GPa  
20
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.72  
99+
8.57  
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
Not Available  
Susceptibility
0.00  
3
Not Available  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
28.20 nΩ·m  
99+
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.38 106/cm Ω  
4
0.07 106/cm Ω  
28
Electron Affinity
42.50 kJ/mol  
26
86.10 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.90 J/(kg K)  
5
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
24.20 J/mol·K  
99+
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
237.00 W/m·K  
4
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
23.10 µm/(m·K)  
17
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
293.70 kJ/mol  
31
696.60 kJ/mol  
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.67 kJ/mol  
35
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
322.20 kJ/mol  
31
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
28.30 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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