Niobium Vanadium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
V
Group Number
5
13
5
13
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7440622
27
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Andrés Manuel del Río
Discovery
In 1801
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
1 * 10-4 %
10
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.00004 %
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
0.01 %
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
0.02 %
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
14
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
- Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
36
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
0.00 p.p.m.
31
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
1,890.00 °C
13
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
3,380.00 °C
20
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Blue-Silver Grey
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
6.70
4
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
600.00 MPa
20
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
628.00 MPa
17
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
4,560.00 m/s
17
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
61.00 %
14
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
V
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
22
17
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
1.63
20
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
1.39
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.45
16
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
1.53
26
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
2.37
34
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
650.90 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,414.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,830.00 kJ/mol
35
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,507.00 kJ/mol
25
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6,298.70 kJ/mol
23
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
12,363.00 kJ/mol
5
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
14,530.00 kJ/mol
5
8th Energy Level
Not Available
16,730.00 kJ/mol
7
9th Energy Level
Not Available
19,860.00 kJ/mol
7
10th Energy Level
Not Available
22,240.00 kJ/mol
12
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,670.00 kJ/mol
15
12th Energy Level
Not Available
29,730.00 kJ/mol
12
13th Energy Level
Not Available
32,446.00 kJ/mol
12
14th Energy Level
Not Available
86,450.00 kJ/mol
1
15th Energy Level
Not Available
94,170.00 kJ/mol
2
16th Energy Level
Not Available
102,300.00 kJ/mol
3
17th Energy Level
Not Available
112,700.00 kJ/mol
4
18th Energy Level
Not Available
121,600.00 kJ/mol
5
19th Energy Level
Not Available
130,700.00 kJ/mol
6
20th Energy Level
Not Available
143,400.00 kJ/mol
8
21st Energy Level
Not Available
151,440.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
0.38 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
23
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
23
99+
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
28
99+
Number of Electrons
41
99+
23
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
153.00 pm
33
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
50.94 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
8.78 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
120.00 (-eV)
6
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
303.00 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
6.00 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
5.50 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
800.00 MPa
6
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
0.23 (Pa)
16
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
47.00 GPa
16
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
160.00 GPa
11
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
128.00 GPa
15
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
5.96
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
197.00 nΩ·m
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.05 106/cm Ω
35
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
50.60 kJ/mol
20
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.49 J/(kg K)
10
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
24.89 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
30.70 W/m·K
39
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
8.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
458.60 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
17.57 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
514.60 kJ/mol
13
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
28.90 J/mol.K
99+
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