Niobium vs Chromium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
Cr
Group Number
5
13
6
12
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7440473
39
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Discovery
In 1801
In Between 1797 - 1798
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
1.5 * 10-3 %
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.002 %
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
0.30 %
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
0.01 %
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
16
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
12
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
0.33 p.p.m.
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
1,857.00 °C
14
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
2,672.00 °C
39
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
8.50
1
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
687.00 MPa
16
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
1,060.00 MPa
10
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
5,940.00 m/s
5
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
Cr
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
21
18
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
1.66
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
1.66
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.56
10
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
1.65
19
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
2.34
36
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol
1
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol
1
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol
1
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol
1
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
105,800.00 kJ/mol
1
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
114,300.00 kJ/mol
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available
125,300.00 kJ/mol
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available
134,700.00 kJ/mol
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available
144,300.00 kJ/mol
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available
26,130.00 kJ/mol
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available
28,750.00 kJ/mol
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available
34,230.00 kJ/mol
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available
37,066.00 kJ/mol
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available
105,800.00 kJ/mol
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available
114,300.00 kJ/mol
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available
125,300.00 kJ/mol
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available
134,700.00 kJ/mol
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available
144,300.00 kJ/mol
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available
157,700.00 kJ/mol
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
166,090.00 kJ/mol
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
4.50 eV
14
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
24
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
24
99+
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
28
99+
Number of Electrons
41
99+
24
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
128.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
52.00 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
7.23 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
170.00 (-eV)
4
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
291.00 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
7.19 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
6.30 g/cm3
40
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
689.00 MPa
7
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
774.00 (Pa)
1
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
115.00 GPa
9
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
160.00 GPa
11
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
279.00 GPa
8
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.21
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
7.19
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
NA
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
125.00 nΩ·m
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.08 106/cm Ω
25
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
64.30 kJ/mol
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.45 J/(kg K)
12
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
23.35 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
93.90 W/m·K
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
348.80 kJ/mol
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
15.31 kJ/mol
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
397.50 kJ/mol
21
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
23.80 J/mol.K
99+
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