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Niobium vs Chromium

Niobium
Chromium
Chromium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Cr   
Group Number
5   
13
6   
12
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1801   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.56   
10
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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