Symbol
Nb
  
Li
  
Period Number
5
  
2
  
Block
d block
  
s block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Alkali
  
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
- Heat capacity of Lithium is very high.
- Lithium inflammable and highly explosive metal, hence it has to be stored properly.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
  
Johan August Arfwedson
  
Discovery
In 1801
  
In 1817
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
- The main usage of Lithium is manufacturing rechargeable batteries for electronic equipment and gadgets.
- it is also used in manufacturing non-rechargeable batteries.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic
  
NA
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
27
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
  
25
1.30 p.p.m.
  
17
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
  
99+
1,347.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Gray
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
Metallic
  
NA
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
  
21
6,000.00 m/s
  
3
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Nb
  
Li
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
520.20 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
7,298.10 kJ/mol
  
3
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
11,815.00 kJ/mol
  
4
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
  
36
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
  
11
Not Available
  
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
  
14
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
  
99+
0.26 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
  
[He] 2s1
  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol
  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
No Previous Element
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
  
8
19.00 (-eV)
  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
  
99+
0.53 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
0.51 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
  
28
0.11 106/cm Ω
  
19
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
  
12
59.60 kJ/mol
  
16
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
  
20
3.60 J/(kg K)
  
1
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
  
99+
24.86 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
  
29
84.80 W/m·K
  
20
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
46.00 µm/(m·K)
  
7
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
  
4
134.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
  
6
3.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
  
4
160.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
  
99+
29.10 J/mol.K
  
99+