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Niobium vs Promethium

Niobium
Promethium
Promethium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Pm   
Group Number
5   
13
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Unknown   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
Not Available   
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.07   
32
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
84   
40
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
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