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Promethium vs Niobium

Promethium
Niobium
Niobium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Nb   
Group Number
Not Available   
5   
13
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440031   
99+
Space Group Name
Not Available   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Charles Hatchett   
Discovery
In 1942   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
25
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
In Bone
Not Available   
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
6
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
2,468.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
735.00 MPa   
14
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
870.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Nb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
17   
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.60   
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.42   
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.41   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.40   
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
41   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
41   
99+
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
52   
99+
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
41   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
146.00 pm   
35
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
164.00 pm   
28
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
92.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
330.04 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
38.00 GPa   
19
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
170.00 GPa   
10
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
105.00 GPa   
20
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
8.57   
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
53.70 W/m·K   
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
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