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Niobium vs Rubidium

Niobium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Rb   
Group Number
5   
13
1   
17
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Grayish White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
0.22 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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