Polonium

Nickel

Polonium Nickel Comparison

Polonium

Nickel

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

1610

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74400867440020

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Pm-3m

Fm_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

221.00225.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.

Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.

Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.

Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.

2.2 Sources

Mining, Ores of metals

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Pierre Curie and Marie Curie

Axel Fredrik Cronstedt

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1898

In 1751

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA6 * 10^-3 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.3 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.008 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.4 Abundance In Meteorites

NA1.30 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.8 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.10 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.

A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.

It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.05 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.5 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.0.70 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

254.00 °C1,453.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

962.00 °C2,732.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA4.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.4 Brinell Hardness

NA667.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.6 Vickers Hardness

NA638.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NA4,900.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.3 Reflectivity

NA72.00 %

58 97

4.8 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.8.1 α Allotropes

α-polonium

Not Available

4.8.2 β Allotropes

β-polonium

Not Available

4.8.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2925

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.001.91

0.7 2.54

5.4.1 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA1.94

0.22 2.56

6.1.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.761.75

0.86 1.82

6.4.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.48NA

0.62 2.48

6.4.3 Allen Electronegativity

2.191.88

0.659 2.7

6.5 Electropositivity

6.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.002.09

1.46 3.3

6.6 Ionization Energies

6.6.1 1st Energy Level

812.10 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

6.7.2 2nd Energy Level

NA1,753.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

6.7.3 3rd Energy Level

NA3,395.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

6.7.5 4th Energy Level

NA5,300.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

6.7.7 5th Energy Level

NA7,339.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

6.8.1 6th Energy Level

NA10,400.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

6.9.1 7th Energy level

NA12,800.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

6.9.2 8th Energy Level

NA15,600.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

6.11.1 9th Energy Level

NA18,600.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

6.11.2 10th Energy Level

NA21,670.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

6.12.1 11th Energy Level

NA30,970.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

6.14.1 12th Energy Level

NA34,000.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

7.1.2 13th Energy Level

NA37,100.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

7.1.4 14th Energy Level

NA41,500.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

7.2.1 15th Energy Level

NA44,800.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

7.3.1 16th Energy Level

NA48,100.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

7.4.2 17th Energy Level

NA55,101.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

7.4.3 18th Energy Level

NA58,570.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

7.4.5 19th Energy Level

NA148,700.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

7.5.2 20th Energy Level

NA159,000.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

7.5.3 21st Energy Level

NA169,400.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

7.5.4 22nd Energy Level

NA182,700.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

7.5.6 23rd Energy Level

NA194,000.00 kJ/mol

98420 198800

7.5.7 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

7.5.9 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

7.5.10 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

7.6.1 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

7.6.2 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

8.1.2 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

8.1.5 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

8.2 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.90 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

8.3 Electron Work Function

NA5.15 eV

2.14 5.65

8.5 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

9 Atomic

9.1 Atomic Number

8428

3 117

9.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s² Or [Ar] 3d⁹ 4s¹

9.3 Crystal Structure

Monoclinic (MON)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

9.3.1 Crystal Lattice

9.4 Atom

9.4.1 Number of Protons

8428

3 117

9.4.3 Number of Neutrons

12531

4 184

10.1.1 Number of Electrons

8428

3 117

10.3 Radius of an Atom

10.3.1 Atomic Radius

168.00 pm124.00 pm

112 265

10.4.1 Covalent Radius

140.00 pm124.00 pm

96 260

10.4.2 Van der Waals Radius

197.00 pm163.00 pm

139 348

10.6 Atomic Weight

209.00 amu58.69 amu

6.94 294

10.8 Atomic Volume

22.23 cm3/mol6.59 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

10.10 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

10.10.1 Previous Element

10.10.2 Next Element

10.11 Valence Electron Potential

NA42.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

10.12 Lattice Constant

335.90 pm352.40 pm

228.58 891.25

10.13 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

10.14 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

11 Mechanical

11.1 Density

11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

9.20 g/cm³8.91 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

9.40 g/cm37.81 g/cm3

0.512 20

11.3 Tensile Strength

NA345.00 MPa

2.5 11000

11.4 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

11.5 Vapor Pressure

11.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

11.5.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA19.50 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

11.6 Elasticity properties

11.6.1 Shear Modulus

NA76.00 GPa

1.3 222

11.6.2 Bulk Modulus

NA180.00 GPa

1.6 462

11.6.3 Young's Modulus

NA200.00 GPa

1.7 528

11.7 Poisson Ratio

NA0.31

0.032 0.47

11.8 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

12 Magnetic

12.1 Magnetic Characteristics

12.1.1 Specific Gravity

9.328.90

0.53 4500

12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Nonmagnetic

Ferromagnetic

12.1.3 Permeability

NA0.00 H/m

1.25643E-06 0.0063

12.1.4 Susceptibility

NA600.00

-0.000166 200000

12.2 Electrical Properties

12.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

12.2.2 Resistivity

0.40 nΩ·m69.30 nΩ·m

0.18 961

12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm Ω0.14 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

12.2.4 Electron Affinity

183.30 kJ/mol112.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

13 Thermal

13.1 Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)0.44 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

13.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.40 J/mol·K26.07 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

13.3 Thermal Conductivity

20.00 W/m·K90.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

13.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

13.5 Thermal Expansion

23.50 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

13.6 Enthalpy

13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

60.30 kJ/mol371.80 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

13.00 kJ/mol17.57 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

134.00 kJ/mol422.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

13.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NA29.90 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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