1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74400867440020
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.008 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.05 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
254.00 °C1,453.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
962.00 °C2,732.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
4.7.2 β Allotropes
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
NA1,753.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
NA3,395.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA5,300.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA7,339.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA10,400.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA12,800.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA15,600.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA18,600.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA21,670.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA30,970.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA34,000.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NA37,100.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NA41,500.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NA44,800.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NA48,100.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NA55,101.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NA58,570.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NA148,700.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NA159,000.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NA169,400.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NA182,700.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NA194,000.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm124.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
140.00 pm124.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm163.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu58.69 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol6.59 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
6.10 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm352.40 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm38.91 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm37.81 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA19.50 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic
Ferromagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NA0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NA600.00
-0.000166
200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m69.30 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol112.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.44 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K26.07 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K90.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol371.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol17.57 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol422.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA29.90 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1