Polonium Nickel Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Po
Ni
Group Number
16
2
10
8
Period Number
6
4
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440086
99+
7440020
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
221.00
3
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Discovery
In 1898
In 1751
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
6 * 10-3 %
4
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.008 %
3
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
1.30 %
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.01 %
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
0.70 p.p.m.
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C
99+
1,453.00 °C
31
Boiling Point
962.00 °C
99+
2,732.00 °C
38
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
4.00
10
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
667.00 MPa
18
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
638.00 MPa
16
Speed of Sound
Not Available
4,900.00 m/s
12
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
72.00 %
9
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-polonium
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-polonium
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po
Ni
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
25
14
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00
7
1.91
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.94
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76
2
1.75
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48
1
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
2.19
2
1.88
6
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00
99+
2.09
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol
14
737.10 kJ/mol
25
2nd Energy Level
Not Available
1,753.00 kJ/mol
25
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
3,395.00 kJ/mol
17
4th Energy Level
Not Available
5,300.00 kJ/mol
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,339.00 kJ/mol
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,800.00 kJ/mol
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,600.00 kJ/mol
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available
18,600.00 kJ/mol
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,670.00 kJ/mol
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available
30,970.00 kJ/mol
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available
34,000.00 kJ/mol
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available
37,100.00 kJ/mol
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available
41,500.00 kJ/mol
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available
44,800.00 kJ/mol
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available
48,100.00 kJ/mol
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available
55,101.00 kJ/mol
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available
58,570.00 kJ/mol
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available
148,700.00 kJ/mol
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available
159,000.00 kJ/mol
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available
169,400.00 kJ/mol
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
182,700.00 kJ/mol
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
194,000.00 kJ/mol
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
5.15 eV
2
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84
32
28
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
84
32
28
99+
Number of Neutrons
125
19
31
99+
Number of Electrons
84
32
28
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm
23
124.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm
99+
124.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm
29
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu
28
58.69 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol
13
6.59 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available
42.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm
99+
352.40 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3
99+
8.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3
19
7.81 g/cm3
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available
345.00 MPa
11
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
19.50 (Pa)
6
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
76.00 GPa
12
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
Not Available
200.00 GPa
11
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
8.90
33
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
0.00 H/m
2
Susceptibility
Not Available
600.00
2
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
69.30 nΩ·m
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω
13
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol
3
112.00 kJ/mol
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.44 J/(kg K)
13
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K
28
26.07 J/mol·K
31
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K
99+
90.90 W/m·K
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
371.80 kJ/mol
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol
26
17.57 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
422.60 kJ/mol
17
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
29.90 J/mol.K
99+
|
||
|
||
|
