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Polonium vs Nickel

Polonium
Nickel
Nickel vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
Ni   
Group Number
16   
2
10   
8
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
In 1898   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
84   
32
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
Not Available   
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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