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Polonium vs Nickel

Polonium
Nickel
Nickel vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Ni  
Group Number
16  
2
10  
8
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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