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Nickel vs Polonium

Nickel
Polonium
Polonium vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni  
Po  
Group Number
10  
8
16  
2
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440020  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1751  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
5
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
3
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %  
3
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
15
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C  
31
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C  
40
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa  
20
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa  
24
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s  
16
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.68  
28
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ni  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91  
11
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94  
12
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.91  
12
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.88  
9
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV  
6
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
28  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
31  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
28  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
13
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
8
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)  
6
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa  
12
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa  
12
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
2
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
600.00  
2
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K  
18
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,728.00 K  
35
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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