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Polonium vs Cobalt

Polonium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Co  
Group Number
16  
2
9  
9
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440484  
38
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Georg Brandt  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1732  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.06 %  
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
20
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
1,495.00 °C  
29
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
2,870.00 °C  
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
470.00 MPa  
31
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
1,043.00 MPa  
18
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
4,720.00 m/s  
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
Yes  
Yes  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
α-Cobalt  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
β-Cobalt  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Co  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.88  
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
2.56  
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.70  
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.88  
14
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.84  
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.12  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
5.00 eV  
9
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
22  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
22  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
26  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
22  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
147.00 pm  
36
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
95.20 (-eV)  
10
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
295.08 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.26  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
434.00 MPa  
10
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
116.00 GPa  
20
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
4,500.00  
1
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
3
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,768.00 K  
32
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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