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Polonium vs Cobalt

Polonium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Co  
Group Number
16  
2
9  
9
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440484  
38
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
221.00  
3
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Georg Brandt  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1732  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available  
3 * 10-4 %  
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %  
~0.0004 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available  
0.06 %  
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available  
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Humans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
0.04 p.p.m.  
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
1,495.00 °C  
29
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
2,870.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
NA  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available  
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
Not Available  
470.00 MPa  
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
1,043.00 MPa  
11
Speed of Sound
Not Available  
4,720.00 m/s  
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available  
67.00 %  
11
Allotropes
Yes  
Yes  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
α-Cobalt  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
β-Cobalt  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po  
Co  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
7
1.88  
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available  
2.56  
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
2
1.70  
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.84  
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.12  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
2nd Energy Level
Not Available  
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
31
3rd Energy Level
Not Available  
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
19
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
12
7th Energy level
Not Available  
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available  
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available  
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available  
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available  
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available  
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available  
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available  
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available  
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available  
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available  
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available  
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available  
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available  
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available  
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available  
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available  
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available  
5.00 eV  
5
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84  
32
22  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
22  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
19
26  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
22  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
23
147.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
160.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
29
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
13
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available  
95.20 (-eV)  
10
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
295.08 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
19
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
434.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available  
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
Not Available  
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
Not Available  
116.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
Not Available  
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
NA  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
31
4,500.00  
1
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
7.60 kJ/mol  
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
28
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
26
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available  
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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