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Cobalt vs Polonium

Cobalt
Polonium
Polonium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co   
Po   
Group Number
9   
9
16   
2
Period Number
4   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440484   
38
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
In 1732   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %   
10
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
21
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
20
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
17
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C   
29
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C   
34
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa   
26
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
Yes   
Yes   
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88   
12
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56   
1
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70   
5
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.84   
10
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12   
99+
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
Not Available   
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
Not Available   
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV   
5
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22   
99+
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22   
99+
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
26   
99+
125   
19
Number of Electrons
22   
99+
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm   
34
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm   
99+
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa   
9
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa   
18
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.32   
12
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00   
1
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
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