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Cobalt vs Polonium

Cobalt
Polonium
Polonium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co  
Po  
Group Number
9  
9
16  
2
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440484  
38
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1732  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %  
10
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C  
29
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C  
35
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa  
31
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa  
18
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s  
18
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
Yes  
Yes  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Co  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88  
13
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56  
1
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70  
6
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.88  
14
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.84  
13
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV  
9
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
22  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
26  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
22  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm  
36
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)  
10
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.26  
99+
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa  
10
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
14
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa  
20
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00  
1
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
3
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,768.00 K  
32
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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