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Polonium Thulium Comparison

Polonium
Thulium
Thulium Polonium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Tm  
Group Number
16  
2
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
471.00 MPa  
30
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.25  
36
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.25  
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.25  
35
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.25  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
2.40 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
100  
33
Number of Electrons
84  
32
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
49.70 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
353.75 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
69.00 MPa  
32
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
19
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
30.50 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
44.50 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
74.00 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,818.00 K  
27
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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