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Thulium vs Thallium

Thulium
Thallium
Thallium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm  
Tl  
Group Number
3  
15
13  
5
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440304  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C  
23
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa  
30
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa  
33
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tm  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25  
36
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.25  
28
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.25  
35
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.25  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75  
19
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
2.40 eV  
99+
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
69  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
100  
33
123  
21
Number of Electrons
69  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)  
29
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
69.00 MPa  
32
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
19
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)  
10
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa  
26
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa  
30
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa  
29
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
32
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
1,818.00 K  
27
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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