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Thulium vs Thallium

Thulium
Thallium
Thallium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Tl   
Group Number
Not Available   
13   
5
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
26.50 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
123   
20
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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