Thulium Thallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Tl
Group Number
Not Available
13
5
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440280
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1879
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
5 * 10-9 %
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
NA
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
In Bone
Not Available
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
303.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
1,457.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
26.50 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
Not Available
Speed of Sound
Not Available
818.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.62
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.25
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.96
6
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.79
13
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.38
33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.84 eV
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
81
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
81
35
Number of Neutrons
100
32
123
20
Number of Electrons
69
99+
81
35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
196.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
204.38 amu
31
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
17.20 cm3/mol
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
9.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
345.66 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
1.60
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
11.85 g/cm3
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
11.22 g/cm3
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
16.90 (Pa)
5
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
2.80 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
43.00 GPa
28
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
8.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.45
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
11.85
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
46.10 W/m·K
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
64.20 J/mol.K
19
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