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Polonium vs Magnesium

Polonium
Magnesium
Magnesium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Mg  
Group Number
16  
2
2  
16
Period Number
6  
3  
Block
p block  
s block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7439954  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Joseph Black  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1755  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.06 %  
3
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.07 %  
2
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
12.00 %  
2
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
2.90 %  
4
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.13 %  
2
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.03 %  
5
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3  
5
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1,800.00 p.p.m.  
4
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
650.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
1,107.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
260.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
4,940.00 m/s  
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.49  
37
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
74.00 %  
9
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Mg  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
15  
24
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.31  
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.32  
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.37  
30
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.29  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.69  
23
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
737.70 kJ/mol  
24
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,450.70 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
7,732.70 kJ/mol  
5
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
10,542.50 kJ/mol  
4
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
13,630.00 kJ/mol  
3
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
18,020.00 kJ/mol  
3
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
21,711.00 kJ/mol  
3
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
25,661.00 kJ/mol  
3
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
31,653.00 kJ/mol  
3
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
35,458.00 kJ/mol  
5
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
169,988.00 kJ/mol  
1
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
189,368.00 kJ/mol  
1
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
24
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
73,700.00 kJ/mol  
21
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
73,770.00 kJ/mol  
16
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
737.70 kJ/mol  
37
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
27
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
737.70 kJ/mol  
34
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
737.00 kJ/mol  
28
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
738.00 kJ/mol  
22
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
737.70 kJ/mol  
19
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
737.70 kJ/mol  
25
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
737.70 kJ/mol  
26
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
0.45 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
3.66 eV  
40
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
12  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Ne] 3s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
12  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
12  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
12  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
160.00 pm  
29
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
141.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
173.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
24.31 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
13.97 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Sodium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Aluminium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
40.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
320.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.62  
15
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
1.74 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
1.58 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
24
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
17.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
45.00 GPa  
29
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
45.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.29  
15
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
1.74  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
33
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
43.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.23 106/cm Ω  
7
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
1.02 J/(kg K)  
4
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
24.87 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
156.00 W/m·K  
8
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
923.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
24.80 µm/(m·K)  
15
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
128.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
8.95 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
148.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
32.70 J/mol.K  
99+
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