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Polonium vs Polonium

Polonium
Polonium
Polonium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Po  
Group Number
16  
2
16  
2
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
-  
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
Yes  
Yes  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
125  
20
Number of Electrons
84  
32
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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