Potassium

Polonium

Potassium vs Polonium

Potassium

Polonium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

116

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

s block

p block

1.5 Element Family

Alkali

Post-Transition

1.6 CAS Number

74400977440086

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

Pm-3m

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00221.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

In the list of most abundant element Potassium is ranked 7th.
Potassium can easily be sliced (chopped) down using knife.

Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.

Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.

Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining

Mining, Ores of metals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Humphry Davy

Pierre Curie and Marie Curie

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1807

In 1898

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10^-4 %NA

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0004 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.07 %NA

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

1.50 %NA

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.04 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.20 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Potassium’s compounds are in high demand for their application in Fertilizer manufacturing.
Potassium carbonate is used in glass manufacturing and Potassium carbonate in manufacturing detergent and body wash.

Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.

A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Highly Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

1,620.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

2,100.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

63.65 °C254.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

774.00 °C962.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery Gray

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

0.40NA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

0.36 MPaNA

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

2,000.00 m/sNA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

α-polonium

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

β-polonium

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2029

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

0.822.00

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

0.45NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

0.911.76

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

0.732.48

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

0.732.19

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

3.182.00

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

418.80 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

3,052.00 kJ/molNA

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

4,420.00 kJ/molNA

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

5,877.00 kJ/molNA

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

7,975.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

9,590.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

11,343.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

14,944.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

16,963.70 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

48,610.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

54,490.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

60,730.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

68,950.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

75,900.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

83,080.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

93,400.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

99,710.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.46 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

2.30 eVNA

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

1984

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 4s¹

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Monoclinic (MON)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

1984

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

20125

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

1984

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

227.00 pm168.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

203.00 pm140.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

275.00 pm197.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

39.10 amu209.00 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

45.46 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

10.40 (-eV)NA

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

532.80 pm335.90 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

0.86 g/cm³9.20 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

0.83 g/cm39.40 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

1.30 GPaNA

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

3.10 GPaNA

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

3.53 GPaNA

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NANA

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

0.869.32

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Nonmagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

72.00 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.14 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

48.40 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.75 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

29.60 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

102.50 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

2,223.00 KNA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

83.30 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

77.50 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

2.32 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

89.50 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

64.70 J/mol.KNA

9.5 198.1

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