Symbol
K
Po
Group Number
116
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
46
2
7
👆🏻
Block
s block
p block
Element Family
Alkali
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74400977440086
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Pm-3m
Space Group Number
229.00221.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- In the list of most abundant element Potassium is ranked 7th.
- Potassium can easily be sliced (chopped) down using knife.
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Discovery
In 1807
In 1898
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %-
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.07 %-
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.50 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.04 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.20 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Potassium’s compounds are in high demand for their application in Fertilizer manufacturing.
- Potassium carbonate is used in glass manufacturing and Potassium carbonate in manufacturing detergent and body wash.
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
-
Other Uses
-
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
1,620.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
2,100.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
63.65 °C254.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
774.00 °C962.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silver
Luster
-
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.402.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
0.36 MPa70.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
100.00 MPa30.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,000.00 m/s2,260.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.332.70
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
72.00 %50.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
α-polonium
β Allotropes
-
β-polonium
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
K
Po
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2029
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.822.00
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.452.00
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.911.76
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.732.48
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
0.732.19
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.182.00
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
418.80 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
3,052.00 kJ/mol1,833.20 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
4,420.00 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,877.00 kJ/mol8,121.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,975.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
9,590.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
11,343.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
14,944.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
16,963.70 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
48,610.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
54,490.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
60,730.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
68,950.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
75,900.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
83,080.00 kJ/mol81,200.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol81,200.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
99,710.00 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
4,196.00 kJ/mol8,120.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol812.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol812.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol812.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.46 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
2.30 eV4.50 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
1984
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Monoclinic (MON)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
1984
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
20125
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
1984
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
227.00 pm168.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm140.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
275.00 pm197.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
39.10 amu209.00 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
45.46 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
10.40 (-eV)9.30 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
532.80 pm335.90 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.691.46
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
0.86 g/cm39.20 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.83 g/cm39.40 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
16.00 MPa50.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
1.30 GPa24.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
3.10 GPa46.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
3.53 GPa46.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.350.23
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
0.869.32
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Nonmagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
72.00 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
48.40 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.75 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
29.60 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
102.50 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
2,223.00 K527.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
83.30 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
77.50 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.32 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
89.50 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
64.70 J/mol.K41.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻