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Potassium vs Thallium

Potassium
Thallium
Thallium vs Potassium


Periodic Table
Symbol
K  
Tl  
Group Number
1  
17
13  
5
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440097  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • In the list of most abundant element Potassium is ranked 7th.
  • Potassium can easily be sliced (chopped) down using knife.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1807  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.07 %  
9
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.50 %  
6
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.04 %  
3
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.20 %  
3
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Potassium’s compounds are in high demand for their application in Fertilizer manufacturing.
  • Potassium carbonate is used in glass manufacturing and Potassium carbonate in manufacturing detergent and body wash.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
1,620.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
2
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
2,100.00 p.p.m.  
3
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
63.65 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
774.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.40  
25
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
0.36 MPa  
99+
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
100.00 MPa  
99+
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,000.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.33  
99+
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
K  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.45  
99+
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.91  
40
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.73  
99+
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
0.73  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
418.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
3,052.00 kJ/mol  
5
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
4,420.00 kJ/mol  
8
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
5,877.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
7,975.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,590.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
11,343.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
14,944.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
16,963.70 kJ/mol  
15
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
48,610.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
54,490.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,730.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
68,950.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
75,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
83,080.00 kJ/mol  
13
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
99,710.00 kJ/mol  
8
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,196.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.46 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
2.30 eV  
99+
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
19  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
19  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
19  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
227.00 pm  
4
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm  
9
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
275.00 pm  
7
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
39.10 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
45.46 cm3/mol  
4
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Aluminium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Calcium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
10.40 (-eV)  
99+
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
532.80 pm  
13
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.69  
10
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.86 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.83 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
16.00 MPa  
99+
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
9
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
34
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
1.30 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
3.10 GPa  
99+
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
3.53 GPa  
99+
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.86  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
23
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
72.00 nΩ·m  
37
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
16
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
48.40 kJ/mol  
27
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.75 J/(kg K)  
6
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
29.60 J/mol·K  
8
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
102.50 W/m·K  
15
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
2,223.00 K  
14
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
83.30 µm/(m·K)  
3
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
77.50 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.32 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
89.50 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.70 J/mol.K  
19
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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