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Promethium Cadmium Comparison

Promethium
Cadmium
Cadmium Promethium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Cd   
Group Number
Not Available   
12   
6
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
Not Available   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1942   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
Not Available   
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
203.00 MPa   
39
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
Summary >>
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