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Promethium vs Cadmium

Promethium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Cd  
Group Number
3  
15
12  
6
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1942  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
-  
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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