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Cadmium vs Promethium

Cadmium
Promethium
Promethium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Pm   
Group Number
12   
6
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Unknown   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
Not Available   
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.07   
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
84   
40
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
Not Available   
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