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Promethium vs Zirconium

Promethium
Zirconium
Zirconium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Zr   
Group Number
Not Available   
4   
14
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440677   
23
Space Group Name
Not Available   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
Discovery
In 1942   
In 1789   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
5 * 10-6 %   
13
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
17
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.01 %   
14
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
NA   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
In Bone
Not Available   
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
1,852.00 °C   
15
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
4,377.00 °C   
11
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
638.00 MPa   
19
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
820.00 MPa   
15
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,800.00 m/s   
20
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Zr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
24   
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.33   
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.90   
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.22   
26
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.32   
34
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.67   
24
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.05 eV   
26
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
40   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
40   
99+
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
51   
99+
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
40   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
160.00 pm   
27
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
91.22 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Yttrium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Niobium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
80.00 (-eV)   
18
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
323.20 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
8
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
33.00 GPa   
20
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
91.10 GPa   
17
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
88.00 GPa   
22
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
6.51   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
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