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Promethium vs Chromium

Promethium
Chromium
Chromium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Cr  
Group Number
3  
15
6  
12
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
-  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1942  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
-  
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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