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Promethium vs Chromium

Promethium
Chromium
Chromium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Cr   
Group Number
Not Available   
6   
12
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
Not Available   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1942   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
Not Available   
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.56   
10
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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