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Rhenium vs Ruthenium

Rhenium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Rhenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Re  
Ru  
Group Number
7  
11
8  
10
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440155  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chemical properties of Rhenium are similar to Manganese.
  • Rhenium metal is created while refining Molybdenum.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Masataka Ogawa  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1908  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Alloys of Rhenium are used as an electric contact material. It can resist withstand arc corrosion.
  • Its catalysts are used in hydrogenation of fine chemicals. Its Alloy with nickel is used to produce turbine blades.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
3,180.00 °C  
2
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
5,627.00 °C  
2
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
1,320.00 MPa  
8
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
1,350.00 MPa  
12
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Re  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
12
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.90  
13
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
20
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,260.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,510.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
3,640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
20
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
37
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
31
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
5,560.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,560.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
31
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
30
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
23
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
20
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
76,000.00 kJ/mol  
20
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
76,000.00 kJ/mol  
15
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
760.10 kJ/mol  
36
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
26
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
33
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
27
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
21
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
17
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
23
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
24
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.99 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.96 eV  
11
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
75  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
75  
40
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
111  
27
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
75  
40
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
151.00 pm  
36
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
186.21 amu  
36
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.85 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Tungsten
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Osmium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
180.00 (-eV)  
3
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
276.10 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
17
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
21.02 g/cm3  
12
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
18.90 g/cm3  
14
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
1,070.00 MPa  
3
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
40
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
178.00 GPa  
3
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
370.00 GPa  
2
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
463.00 GPa  
2
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
21.02  
14
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
26
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
193.00 nΩ·m  
20
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
38
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
14.50 kJ/mol  
99+
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
25.48 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
48.00 W/m·K  
31
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
3,459.00 K  
2
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
6.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
707.10 kJ/mol  
4
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
33.05 kJ/mol  
2
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
791.00 kJ/mol  
2
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
36.90 J/mol.K  
99+
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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