1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74401667440177
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Obtained from Lithium Production.
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.000003 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,966.00 °C38.89 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C688.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa0.22 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s1,300.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol2,633.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol3,860.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA5,080.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA6,850.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA8,140.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA9,570.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA13,120.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA14,500.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA26,740.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr3.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
6.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm248.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
142.00 pm220.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm303.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
102.91 amu85.47 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol55.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)9.47 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
380.34 pm558.50 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm31.53 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm31.46 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa2.50 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa2.40 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m128.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol46.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.36 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K31.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K58.20 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)90.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol69.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol2.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol82.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K76.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1