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Rhodium
Rhodium

Rubidium
Rubidium



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Rhodium vs Rubidium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Rh
Rb
1.2 Group Number
91
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
55
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
d block
s block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkali
1.6 CAS Number
74401667440177
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
1.8 Space Group Number
225.00229.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Obtained from Lithium Production.
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1804
In 1861
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %1 * 10-6 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.000003 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.01 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
NA0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NA0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
NA
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NA5.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,966.00 °C38.89 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C688.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
NA
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.000.30
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa0.22 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPaNA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s1,300.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
84.00 %NA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Rh
Rb
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
1629
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
2.280.82
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NA0.31
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.450.89
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA0.69
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.560.71
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.723.18
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol2,633.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol3,860.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA5,080.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA6,850.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA8,140.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA9,570.00 kJ/mol
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA13,120.00 kJ/mol
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA14,500.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA26,740.00 kJ/mol
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr3.19 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.98 eV2.16 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
4537
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
[Kr] 5s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
4537
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
5848
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
4537
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm248.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
142.00 pm220.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm303.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
102.91 amu85.47 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol55.90 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)9.47 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
380.34 pm558.50 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm31.53 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm31.46 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
951.00 MPaNA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)NA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
150.00 GPaNA
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa2.50 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa2.40 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.26NA
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
Ductile
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.411.53
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m128.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol46.90 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.36 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K31.06 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K58.20 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NA2,093.00 K
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)90.00 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol69.20 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol2.19 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol82.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K76.80 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1