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Rhodium vs Lawrencium

Rhodium
Lawrencium
Lawrencium vs Rhodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh  
Lr  
Group Number
9  
9
3  
15
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440166  
99+
22537195  
15
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
-  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • It is synthetically produced metal.
  • Radiation hazard can be produce by it.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Bombarding Californium-252 with Boron Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1804  
In 1961–1971  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • Currently known uses of Lawrencium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C  
12
1,627.00 °C  
20
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C  
17
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
-  
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa  
10
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa  
15
500.00 MPa  
35
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rh  
Lr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
10  
28
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.28  
5
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.56  
27
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
1,428.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
2,228.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
4,910.00 kJ/mol  
31
5th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
13th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
15
18th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
12
20th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
860.00 kJ/mol  
17
21st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
27
22nd Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
388.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
32
24th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
546.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
594.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
478.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.23 g/amp-hr  
12
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
45  
99+
103  
15
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45  
99+
103  
15
Number of Neutrons
58  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
45  
99+
103  
15
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
162.00 pm  
31
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
246.00 pm  
12
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu  
99+
266.00 amu  
12
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
35.10 cm3/mol  
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Nobelium
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Rutherfordium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm  
30
530.00 pm  
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.73  
7
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3  
30
15.00 g/cm3  
22
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3  
35
15.60 g/cm3  
20
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa  
5
80.00 MPa  
29
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)  
19
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa  
6
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa  
5
15.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa  
5
210.00 GPa  
10
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41  
32
15.60  
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
23
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
8.37 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
0.22 J/(kg K)  
29
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K  
9
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,237.00 K  
13
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
341.90 kJ/mol  
37
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
54.80 J/mol.K  
35
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