Rhodium

Nickel

Rhodium vs Nickel

Rhodium

Nickel

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

910

0 17

1.4 Period Number

2 7

1.5 Block

d block

1.6 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.7 CAS Number

74401667440020

7429905 54386242

1.9 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

1.10 Space Group Number

225.00225.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.

Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

William Hyde Wollaston

Axel Fredrik Cronstedt

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1804

In 1751

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

6 * 10^-8 %6 * 10^-3 %

5E-09 0.11

2.5.1 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000002 %~0.008 %

1E-08 0.1

2.7.1 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %1.30 %

1.7E-07 22

3.1.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.1.3 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.1.5 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

4 Uses

4.1 Uses & Benefits

Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.

It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.

It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.

4.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

4.1.2 Medical Uses

4.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

4.2 Biological Properties

4.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

4.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

4.2.3 In Blood

NA0.05 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

4.3.1 In Bone

NA0.70 p.p.m.

0 170000

5 Physical

5.1 Melting Point

1,966.00 °C1,453.00 °C

27 3410

5.2 Boiling Point

3,727.00 °C2,732.00 °C

147 5660

5.4 Appearance

5.4.1 Physical State

Solid

5.4.2 Color

Silvery White

Silver

5.4.3 Luster

Metallic

5.5 Hardness

5.5.1 Mohs Hardness

6.004.00

0.2 8.5

5.5.2 Brinell Hardness

980.00 MPa667.00 MPa

0.14 3490

5.5.4 Vickers Hardness

1,100.00 MPa638.00 MPa

121 3430

5.6 Speed of Sound

4,700.00 m/s4,900.00 m/s

818 16200

5.8 Optical Properties

5.8.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

5.8.2 Reflectivity

84.00 %72.00 %

58 97

6.2 Allotropes

✔ ✘

6.2.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

6.2.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

6.2.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

7 Chemical

7.1 Chemical Formula

7.2 Isotopes

7.2.1 Known Isotopes

1625

0 38

7.3 Electronegativity

7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.281.91

0.7 2.54

7.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA1.94

0.22 2.56

7.4.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.451.75

0.86 1.82

7.4.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

7.4.6 Allen Electronegativity

1.561.88

0.659 2.7

7.5 Electropositivity

7.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity

1.722.09

1.46 3.3

7.6 Ionization Energies

7.6.1 1st Energy Level

719.70 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

8.1.1 2nd Energy Level

1,740.00 kJ/mol1,753.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

8.2.1 3rd Energy Level

2,997.00 kJ/mol3,395.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

8.3.1 4th Energy Level

NA5,300.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

8.3.2 5th Energy Level

NA7,339.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

8.4.1 6th Energy Level

NA10,400.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

8.4.2 7th Energy level

NA12,800.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

8.5.1 8th Energy Level

NA15,600.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

8.5.2 9th Energy Level

NA18,600.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

8.6.2 10th Energy Level

NA21,670.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

8.6.4 11th Energy Level

NA30,970.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

8.6.5 12th Energy Level

NA34,000.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

8.6.7 13th Energy Level

NA37,100.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

8.7.1 14th Energy Level

NA41,500.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

8.7.2 15th Energy Level

NA44,800.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

8.7.3 16th Energy Level

NA48,100.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

8.7.4 17th Energy Level

NA55,101.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

8.7.5 18th Energy Level

NA58,570.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

8.7.6 19th Energy Level

NA148,700.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

8.7.7 20th Energy Level

NA159,000.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

8.7.8 21st Energy Level

NA169,400.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

8.7.9 22nd Energy Level

NA182,700.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

8.7.10 23rd Energy Level

NA194,000.00 kJ/mol

98420 198800

8.7.11 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

8.7.12 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

8.7.13 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

8.7.14 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

8.7.15 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

8.7.16 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

8.7.17 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

8.8 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.28 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

8.9 Electron Work Function

4.98 eV5.15 eV

2.14 5.65

8.10 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

9 Atomic

9.1 Atomic Number

4528

3 117

9.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹

[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s² Or [Ar] 3d⁹ 4s¹

9.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

9.3.1 Crystal Lattice

9.4 Atom

9.4.1 Number of Protons

4528

3 117

9.4.2 Number of Neutrons

5831

4 184

9.4.3 Number of Electrons

4528

3 117

9.5 Radius of an Atom

9.5.1 Atomic Radius

134.00 pm124.00 pm

112 265

9.5.2 Covalent Radius

142.00 pm124.00 pm

96 260

9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm163.00 pm

139 348

9.6 Atomic Weight

102.91 amu58.69 amu

6.94 294

9.7 Atomic Volume

8.30 cm3/mol6.59 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

9.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

9.8.1 Previous Element

9.8.2 Next Element

9.9 Valence Electron Potential

64.00 (-eV)42.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

9.10 Lattice Constant

380.34 pm352.40 pm

228.58 891.25

9.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

9.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

10 Mechanical

10.1 Density

10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

12.41 g/cm³8.91 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

10.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

10.70 g/cm37.81 g/cm3

0.512 20

10.2 Tensile Strength

951.00 MPa345.00 MPa

2.5 11000

10.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

10.4 Vapor Pressure

10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

10.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.02 (Pa)19.50 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

10.5 Elasticity properties

10.5.1 Shear Modulus

150.00 GPa76.00 GPa

1.3 222

10.5.2 Bulk Modulus

275.00 GPa180.00 GPa

1.6 462

10.5.3 Young's Modulus

380.00 GPa200.00 GPa

1.7 528

10.6 Poisson Ratio

0.260.31

0.032 0.47

10.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Malleable

Ductile

11 Magnetic

11.1 Magnetic Characteristics

11.1.1 Specific Gravity

12.418.90

0.53 4500

11.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Ferromagnetic

11.1.3 Permeability

NA0.00 H/m

1.25643E-06 0.0063

11.1.4 Susceptibility

NA600.00

-0.000166 200000

11.2 Electrical Properties

11.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

11.2.2 Resistivity

43.30 nΩ·m69.30 nΩ·m

0.18 961

11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.21 10⁶/cm Ω0.14 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

11.2.4 Electron Affinity

109.70 kJ/mol112.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

12 Thermal

12.1 Specific Heat

0.24 J/(kg K)0.44 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

12.2 Molar Heat Capacity

24.98 J/mol·K26.07 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

12.3 Thermal Conductivity

150.00 W/m·K90.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

12.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

12.5 Thermal Expansion

8.20 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

12.6 Enthalpy

12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

495.40 kJ/mol371.80 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

12.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

21.76 kJ/mol17.57 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

12.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

556.50 kJ/mol422.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

12.7 Standard Molar Entropy

31.50 J/mol.K29.90 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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