1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.3 Period Number
3.2 Block
3.3 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
3.4 CAS Number
74401667440677
7429905
54386242
4.3 Space Group Name
4.4 Space Group Number
5 Facts
5.1 Interesting Facts
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
5.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
5.3 History
5.3.1 Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
5.3.2 Discovery
5.4 Abundance
5.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %5 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
5.7.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.000004 %
1E-08
0.1
5.7.4 Abundance In Meteorites
1.3.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.8.1 Abundance In Oceans
1.13.1 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
1.2.1 In Bone
3 Physical
3.1 Melting Point
1,966.00 °C1,852.00 °C
27
3410
3.5 Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C4,377.00 °C
147
5660
4.7 Appearance
4.7.1 Physical State
4.7.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.7.3 Luster
4.8 Hardness
4.8.1 Mohs Hardness
5.4.3 Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa638.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.1.1 Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa820.00 MPa
121
3430
7.5 Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s3,800.00 m/s
818
16200
9.2 Optical Properties
9.2.1 Refractive Index
9.3.2 Reflectivity
11.2 Allotropes
11.2.2 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11.2.3 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11.2.5 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12 Chemical
12.1 Chemical Formula
12.2 Isotopes
12.2.1 Known Isotopes
13.7 Electronegativity
13.7.1 Pauling Electronegativity
15.1.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
16.4.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
16.8.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
16.11.4 Allen Electronegativity
17.4 Electropositivity
17.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
17.7 Ionization Energies
17.7.1 1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol640.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
18.3.3 2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol1,270.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
18.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol2,218.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
19.3.2 4th Energy Level
NA3,313.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
19.5.1 5th Energy Level
NA7,752.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
19.6.5 6th Energy Level
NA9,500.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
19.6.11 7th Energy level
20.2.3 8th Energy Level
20.3.5 9th Energy Level
20.6.2 10th Energy Level
20.7.5 11th Energy Level
20.7.12 12th Energy Level
20.7.20 13th Energy Level
20.7.27 14th Energy Level
20.7.32 15th Energy Level
21.2.2 16th Energy Level
22.2.1 17th Energy Level
22.9.1 18th Energy Level
23.1.2 19th Energy Level
23.1.8 20th Energy Level
23.4.2 21st Energy Level
23.5.4 22nd Energy Level
23.5.11 23rd Energy Level
23.5.13 24th Energy Level
23.6.2 25th Energy Level
23.7.2 26th Energy Level
23.10.1 27th Energy Level
23.10.6 28th Energy Level
23.10.9 29th Energy Level
23.10.14 30th Energy Level
23.13 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr0.85 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
23.19 Electron Work Function
23.23 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
24 Atomic
24.1 Atomic Number
26.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
26.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
26.3.1 Crystal Lattice
26.4 Atom
26.4.1 Number of Protons
27.1.1 Number of Neutrons
27.8.2 Number of Electrons
27.11 Radius of an Atom
27.11.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm160.00 pm
112
265
27.12.2 Covalent Radius
142.00 pm175.00 pm
96
260
27.13.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
27.15 Atomic Weight
102.91 amu91.22 amu
6.94
294
27.16 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol14.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
27.20 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
27.20.1 Previous Element
27.20.2 Next Element
27.21 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)80.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
28.3 Lattice Constant
380.34 pm323.20 pm
228.58
891.25
29.4 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
29.5 Lattice C/A Ratio
31 Mechanical
31.1 Density
31.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm36.52 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
32.2.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm35.80 g/cm3
0.512
20
32.3 Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa330.00 MPa
2.5
11000
32.6 Viscosity
32.8 Vapor Pressure
32.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
35.2.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
35.4 Elasticity properties
35.4.1 Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa33.00 GPa
1.3
222
35.11.3 Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa91.10 GPa
1.6
462
35.15.3 Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa88.00 GPa
1.7
528
35.23 Poisson Ratio
37.3 Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
38 Magnetic
38.1 Magnetic Characteristics
38.1.1 Specific Gravity
38.1.6 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
38.1.7 Permeability
38.4.1 Susceptibility
38.9 Electrical Properties
38.9.1 Electrical Property
38.10.1 Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m421.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
38.14.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
40.2.2 Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol41.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
42 Thermal
42.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.27 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
42.9 Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K25.36 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
42.12 Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K22.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
42.16 Critical Temperature
42.18 Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)5.70 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
43.2 Enthalpy
43.2.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol581.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
43.4.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol20.90 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
44.2.6 Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol598.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
44.6 Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K39.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1