1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74401777440644
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
2.2 Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.9 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.11 Abundance In Oceans
2.5.1 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
4.1.1 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
38.89 °C824.00 °C
27
3410
5.5 Boiling Point
688.00 °C1,196.00 °C
147
5660
5.6 Appearance
5.6.1 Physical State
5.6.2 Color
Grayish White
Silvery White
5.6.3 Luster
5.7 Hardness
5.7.1 Mohs Hardness
5.7.3 Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa343.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.8.2 Vickers Hardness
5.9 Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s1,590.00 m/s
818
16200
5.10 Optical Properties
5.10.1 Refractive Index
5.11.1 Reflectivity
5.12 Allotropes
5.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.3 Isotopes
6.3.1 Known Isotopes
6.4 Electronegativity
6.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.6.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.7.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.1.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.1.4 Allen Electronegativity
7.3 Electropositivity
7.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.5 Ionization Energies
7.5.1 1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol603.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.6.2 2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol1,174.80 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.6.4 3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol2,417.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.7.2 4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol4,203.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
7.7.4 5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
1.2.1 6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
1.2.2 7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
1.4.1 8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
2.4.3 9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
2.6.2 10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
3.4.2 11th Energy Level
3.4.6 12th Energy Level
4.1.2 13th Energy Level
4.2.1 14th Energy Level
4.3.1 15th Energy Level
5.1.1 16th Energy Level
5.2.4 17th Energy Level
5.3.2 18th Energy Level
6.1.1 19th Energy Level
6.1.2 20th Energy Level
6.2.2 21st Energy Level
6.2.3 22nd Energy Level
6.3.4 23rd Energy Level
6.4.2 24th Energy Level
6.5.1 25th Energy Level
6.5.3 26th Energy Level
6.5.4 27th Energy Level
6.5.6 28th Energy Level
6.5.7 29th Energy Level
6.6.1 30th Energy Level
6.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr2.15 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
6.9 Electron Work Function
7.3 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
8 Atomic
8.1 Atomic Number
8.3 Electron Configuration
8.4 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
8.4.1 Crystal Lattice
8.5 Atom
8.5.1 Number of Protons
8.5.3 Number of Neutrons
8.5.5 Number of Electrons
8.6 Radius of an Atom
8.6.1 Atomic Radius
248.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
8.6.3 Covalent Radius
220.00 pm187.00 pm
96
260
8.6.4 Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm242.00 pm
139
348
8.8 Atomic Weight
85.47 amu173.05 amu
6.94
294
8.10 Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol24.79 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
8.11 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
8.11.1 Previous Element
8.11.2 Next Element
8.12 Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)50.30 (-eV)
8
392.42
8.13 Lattice Constant
558.50 pm548.47 pm
228.58
891.25
8.14 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
8.15 Lattice C/A Ratio
9 Mechanical
9.1 Density
9.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm36.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
9.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm36.21 g/cm3
0.512
20
9.2 Tensile Strength
9.3 Viscosity
9.4 Vapor Pressure
9.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
9.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
9.5 Elasticity properties
9.5.1 Shear Modulus
9.5.3 Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa30.50 GPa
1.6
462
9.5.5 Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa23.90 GPa
1.7
528
9.6 Poisson Ratio
9.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
10 Magnetic
10.1 Magnetic Characteristics
10.1.1 Specific Gravity
10.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
10.1.4 Permeability
10.1.5 Susceptibility
10.2 Electrical Properties
10.2.1 Electrical Property
10.2.2 Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m0.25 nΩ·m
0.18
961
10.2.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω0.04 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
10.2.7 Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
11 Thermal
11.1 Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)0.15 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
11.2 Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K26.74 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
11.3 Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K38.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
11.4 Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K26.30 K
26.3
3223
11.5 Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)26.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
11.6 Enthalpy
11.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol128.90 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
11.6.4 Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol7.66 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
11.6.6 Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol180.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
11.7 Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K59.90 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1