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Ruthenium Promethium Comparison


Promethium Ruthenium comparison


Periodic Table

Symbol
Ru   
Pm   

Group Number
8   
10
Not Available   

Period Number
5   
6   

Block
d block   
f block   

Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   

CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440122   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  

Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   

Discovery
In 1844   
In 1942   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Not Available   

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~-9999 %   

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
Not Available   

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
Not Available   

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  

Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   

Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   

Present in Human Body
No   
No   

In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37

Physical Properties

Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
1,042.00 °C   
99+

Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
3,000.00 °C   
31

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silvery White   
Unknown   

Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
Not Available   

Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Not Available   

Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Not Available   

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Ru   
Pm   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
26   
13
27   
12

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.07   
32

Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
Not Available   

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
Not Available   

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38

Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36

Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
Not Available   

Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
44   
99+
61   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   

Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
44   
99+
61   
99+

Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
84   
40

Number of Electrons
44   
99+
61   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
183.00 pm   
10

Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
199.00 pm   
12

Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
236.00 pm   
16

Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
145.00 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
22.39 cm3/mol   
12

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Technetium
  
Neodymium
  

Next Element
Rhodium
  
Samarium
  

Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
44.10 (-eV)   
39

Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
Not Available   

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Unknown   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
7.26 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Not Available   

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
18.00 GPa   
36

Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
33.00 GPa   
36

Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
46.00 GPa   
38

Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.28   
17

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
7.26   
99+

Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+

Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
Not Available   

Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
50.00 kJ/mol   
21

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33

Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Not Available   

Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
17.90 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   

Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
310.00 kJ/mol   
34

Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   

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