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Ruthenium vs Chromium

Ruthenium
Chromium
Chromium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Cr   
Group Number
8   
10
6   
12
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1844   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
Not Available   
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.56   
10
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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