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Ruthenium vs Europium

Ruthenium
Europium
Europium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Eu  
Group Number
8  
10
Not Available  
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440531  
34
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
229.00  
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Not Available  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1896  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %  
20
5 * 10-8 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %  
22
~0.00000005 %  
27
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
  • It is used in low energy light bulbs.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
822.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
1,597.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
Not Available  
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Not Available  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
167.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
4
Not Available  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Eu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
4
1.20  
39
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.01  
22
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
18
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
25
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
Not Available  
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
37
2,404.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.89 g/amp-hr  
33
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
9
2.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44  
99+
63  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Xe] 4f7 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
63  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
89  
38
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
63  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
38
198.00 pm  
13
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
233.00 pm  
18
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
151.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
28.90 cm3/mol  
8
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Samarium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Gadolinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
45.60 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
458.10 pm  
17
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
11
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
27
5.26 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
16
5.13 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
120.00 MPa  
15
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
19.40 (Pa)  
4
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
7.90 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
8.30 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
18.20 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.15  
34
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
19
5.24  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
0.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
16
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
10
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.18 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
27.66 J/mol·K  
16
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
13.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
35.00 µm/(m·K)  
8
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
10
143.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
9.21 kJ/mol  
37
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
9
180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
77.80 J/mol.K  
4
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