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Ruthenium vs Gold

Ruthenium
Gold
Gold vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Au  
Group Number
8  
10
11  
7
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
-  
Discovery
In 1844  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
2,807.00 °C  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gold  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
216.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
0.47  
99+
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
2.54  
2
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.50  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.87  
15
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.92  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
5.10 eV  
8
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
118  
24
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
166.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
407.82 pm  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
17.31 g/cm3  
16
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
19.32  
17
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
22
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
1,337.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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