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Ruthenium vs Molybdenum

Ruthenium
Molybdenum
Molybdenum vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Mo  
Group Number
8  
10
6  
12
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7439987  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Carl Wilhelm Scheele  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1778  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
31
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
2,617.00 °C  
5
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
4,612.00 °C  
9
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
1,370.00 MPa  
7
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
1,400.00 MPa  
11
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
5,400.00 m/s  
9
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
58.00 %  
25
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Mo  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
2.16  
6
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.15  
34
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
2.16  
7
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
2.16  
3
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
1.84  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
684.30 kJ/mol  
37
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,560.00 kJ/mol  
38
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,618.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
4,480.00 kJ/mol  
36
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,257.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,640.80 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
12,125.00 kJ/mol  
13
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,860.00 kJ/mol  
16
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,835.00 kJ/mol  
16
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
17,980.00 kJ/mol  
18
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
20,190.00 kJ/mol  
17
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22,219.00 kJ/mol  
38
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
26,930.00 kJ/mol  
13
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29,196.00 kJ/mol  
13
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
52,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
55,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
61,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
67,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
74,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
87,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
93,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
98,420.00 kJ/mol  
6
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
104,400.00 kJ/mol  
2
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
121,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
127,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
133,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
139,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
148,100.00 kJ/mol  
1
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
154,500.00 kJ/mol  
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.89 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.60 eV  
17
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
42  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Kr] 4d5 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
42  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
54  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
42  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
154.00 pm  
34
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
95.95 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
9.40 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Niobium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Technetium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
88.60 (-eV)  
13
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
314.70 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.03  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
10.28 g/cm3  
39
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
9.33 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
324.00 MPa  
15
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
5
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
126.00 GPa  
8
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
230.00 GPa  
6
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
329.00 GPa  
6
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
10.22  
40
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
29
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
53.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.19 106/cm Ω  
11
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
71.90 kJ/mol  
16
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.25 J/(kg K)  
21
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
138.00 W/m·K  
12
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
2,896.00 K  
6
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
4.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
594.10 kJ/mol  
9
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
27.61 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
653.00 kJ/mol  
7
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
28.70 J/mol.K  
99+
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