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Ruthenium vs Molybdenum

Ruthenium
Molybdenum
Molybdenum vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Mo   
Group Number
8   
10
6   
12
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7439987   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Carl Wilhelm Scheele   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1778   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
5 * 10-7 %   
19
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.0000009 %   
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
39
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
9
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
31
In Bone
Not Available   
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
2,617.00 °C   
5
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
4,612.00 °C   
9
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
1,370.00 MPa   
7
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,400.00 MPa   
6
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
5,400.00 m/s   
6
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
58.00 %   
15
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Mo   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
2.16   
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.15   
19
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.30   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
2.16   
3
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
1.84   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
684.30 kJ/mol   
37
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,560.00 kJ/mol   
37
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
2,618.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,480.00 kJ/mol   
26
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,257.00 kJ/mol   
32
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,640.80 kJ/mol   
22
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,125.00 kJ/mol   
13
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,860.00 kJ/mol   
16
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,835.00 kJ/mol   
16
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,980.00 kJ/mol   
18
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,190.00 kJ/mol   
17
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,219.00 kJ/mol   
15
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,930.00 kJ/mol   
13
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,196.00 kJ/mol   
13
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,490.00 kJ/mol   
7
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,000.00 kJ/mol   
8
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
67,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
74,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,400.00 kJ/mol   
10
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
87,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
93,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
98,420.00 kJ/mol   
6
24th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,400.00 kJ/mol   
2
25th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
26th Energy Level
Not Available   
127,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
27th Energy Level
Not Available   
133,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
28th Energy Level
Not Available   
139,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
29th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
30th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,500.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.89 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
4.60 eV   
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
42   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Kr] 4d5 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
42   
99+
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
54   
99+
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
42   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
139.00 pm   
39
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
154.00 pm   
32
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
95.95 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
9.40 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Niobium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Technetium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
88.60 (-eV)   
13
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
314.70 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
10.28 g/cm3   
36
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
9.33 g/cm3   
20
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
324.00 MPa   
13
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
0.00 (Pa)   
26
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
126.00 GPa   
8
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
230.00 GPa   
6
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
329.00 GPa   
6
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
10.22   
27
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
53.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.19 106/cm Ω   
11
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
71.90 kJ/mol   
14
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.25 J/(kg K)   
21
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
138.00 W/m·K   
12
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
4.80 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
594.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
27.61 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
653.00 kJ/mol   
7
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
28.70 J/mol.K   
99+
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