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Ruthenium vs Rhodium

Ruthenium
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Rh  
Group Number
8  
10
9  
9
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440166  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
225.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1804  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %  
20
6 * 10-8 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %  
22
~0.0000002 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
NA  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
1,966.00 °C  
12
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
3,727.00 °C  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
980.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
1,100.00 MPa  
9
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
4
4,700.00 m/s  
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available  
84.00 %  
4
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Rh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
4
2.28  
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
18
1.45  
16
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
25
1.56  
24
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
1.72  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
37
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
9
4.98 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44  
99+
45  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
45  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
45  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
38
142.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
102.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
380.34 pm  
27
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
11
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
27
12.41 g/cm3  
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
16
10.70 g/cm3  
14
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
951.00 MPa  
5
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.02 (Pa)  
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
150.00 GPa  
6
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
275.00 GPa  
5
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
380.00 GPa  
5
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
19
12.41  
20
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
16
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
10
109.70 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
150.00 W/m·K  
9
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
10
495.40 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
9
556.50 kJ/mol  
12
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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