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Rhodium vs Ruthenium

Rhodium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Rhodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh  
Ru  
Group Number
9  
9
8  
10
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440166  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1804  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C  
12
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C  
17
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa  
10
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa  
15
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rh  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28  
4
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.28  
5
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.28  
4
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.56  
27
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
45  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
58  
99+
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
45  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu  
99+
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm  
30
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.73  
7
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3  
30
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3  
35
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa  
5
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)  
19
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa  
6
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa  
5
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa  
5
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41  
32
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K  
9
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
2,237.00 K  
13
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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