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Ruthenium vs Silver

Ruthenium
Silver
Silver vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Ag  
Group Number
8  
10
11  
7
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440224  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
225.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • It is the most reflective element.
  • Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
  • It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Unknown  
Discovery
In 1844  
Before 5000 BC  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %  
20
6 * 10-8 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %  
22
~0.0000001 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
  • It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
Not Available  
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
29
In Bone
Not Available  
0.44 p.p.m.  
20
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
961.93 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
2,212.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
2.50  
14
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
251.00 MPa  
37
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
229.00 MPa  
30
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
4
2,680.00 m/s  
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available  
97.00 %  
1
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Ag  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
4
1.93  
9
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.83  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
18
1.42  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.47  
15
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
25
1.87  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.07  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
731.00 kJ/mol  
27
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
2,070.00 kJ/mol  
11
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
37
3,361.00 kJ/mol  
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
4.02 g/amp-hr  
7
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
9
4.26 eV  
20
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44  
99+
47  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Silver.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
47  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
61  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
47  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
36
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
38
145.00 pm  
39
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
172.00 pm  
38
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
107.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
10.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Palladium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Cadmium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
11.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
408.53 pm  
20
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
11
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
27
10.49 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
16
9.32 g/cm3  
21
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
14
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
30.00 GPa  
23
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
100.00 GPa  
16
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
83.00 GPa  
23
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
19
10.50  
26
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Susceptibility
Not Available  
0.00  
5
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
15.87 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
16
0.63 106/cm Ω  
1
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
10
125.60 kJ/mol  
5
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.24 J/(kg K)  
25
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
25.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
429.00 W/m·K  
1
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
18.90 µm/(m·K)  
23
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
10
255.10 kJ/mol  
37
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
11.30 kJ/mol  
31
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
9
284.50 kJ/mol  
37
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
42.60 J/mol.K  
35
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