Silver vs Ruthenium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ag
Ru
Group Number
11
7
8
10
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440224
99+
7440188
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- It is the most reflective element.
- Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
- It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
Before 5000 BC
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
4 * 10-7 %
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000005 %
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
19
0.00 %
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
- It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
29
Not Available
In Bone
0.44 p.p.m.
20
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
961.93 °C
99+
2,250.00 °C
8
Boiling Point
2,212.00 °C
99+
3,900.00 °C
14
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
6.50
5
Brinell Hardness
251.00 MPa
37
2,160.00 MPa
3
Vickers Hardness
229.00 MPa
30
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s
34
5,970.00 m/s
4
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
97.00 %
1
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ag
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.93
9
2.20
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.83
11
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.47
15
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.87
7
1.54
25
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.07
99+
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol
27
710.20 kJ/mol
32
2nd Energy Level
2,070.00 kJ/mol
11
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,361.00 kJ/mol
19
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.02 g/amp-hr
7
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.26 eV
20
4.71 eV
9
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
47
99+
44
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s1
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Silver.jpg#100
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
47
99+
44
99+
Number of Neutrons
61
99+
57
99+
Number of Electrons
47
99+
44
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
144.00 pm
36
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm
39
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
172.00 pm
38
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
107.87 amu
99+
101.07 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.30 cm3/mol
99+
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
11.40 (-eV)
99+
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
408.53 pm
20
270.59 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
10.49 g/cm3
35
12.45 g/cm3
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.32 g/cm3
21
10.65 g/cm3
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
14
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
23
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
173.00 GPa
4
Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa
16
220.00 GPa
7
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa
23
447.00 GPa
3
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
10.50
26
12.45
19
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Susceptibility
0.00
5
Not Available
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
15.87 nΩ·m
99+
71.00 nΩ·m
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.63 106/cm Ω
1
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
Electron Affinity
125.60 kJ/mol
5
101.30 kJ/mol
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
25
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
Molar Heat Capacity
25.35 J/mol·K
99+
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
429.00 W/m·K
1
117.00 W/m·K
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
18.90 µm/(m·K)
23
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
255.10 kJ/mol
37
567.80 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.30 kJ/mol
31
25.50 kJ/mol
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
284.50 kJ/mol
37
603.00 kJ/mol
9
Standard Molar Entropy
42.60 J/mol.K
35
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
|
||
|
||
|
