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Silver vs Ruthenium

Silver
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Silver


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ag   
Ru   
Group Number
11   
7
8   
10
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440224   
99+
7440188   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is the most reflective element.
  • Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
  • It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals   
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Karl Ernst Claus   
Discovery
Before 5000 BC   
In 1844   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000005 %   
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
19
0.00 %   
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
  • It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
29
Not Available   
In Bone
0.44 p.p.m.   
20
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
961.93 °C   
99+
2,250.00 °C   
8
Boiling Point
2,212.00 °C   
99+
3,900.00 °C   
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
6.50   
5
Brinell Hardness
251.00 MPa   
37
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Vickers Hardness
229.00 MPa   
30
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
97.00 %   
1
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ag   
Ru   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.93   
9
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.83   
11
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.42   
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.47   
15
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.87   
7
1.54   
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.07   
99+
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol   
27
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
2nd Energy Level
2,070.00 kJ/mol   
11
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,361.00 kJ/mol   
19
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.02 g/amp-hr   
7
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.26 eV   
20
4.71 eV   
9
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
47   
99+
44   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s1   
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Silver.jpg#100   
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
47   
99+
44   
99+
Number of Neutrons
61   
99+
57   
99+
Number of Electrons
47   
99+
44   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
144.00 pm   
36
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
172.00 pm   
38
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
107.87 amu   
99+
101.07 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.30 cm3/mol   
99+
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Palladium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Cadmium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
11.40 (-eV)   
99+
64.00 (-eV)   
22
Lattice Constant
408.53 pm   
20
270.59 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.49 g/cm3   
35
12.45 g/cm3   
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.32 g/cm3   
21
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
14
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
173.00 GPa   
4
Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa   
16
220.00 GPa   
7
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa   
23
447.00 GPa   
3
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.50   
26
12.45   
19
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Susceptibility
0.00   
5
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
15.87 nΩ·m   
99+
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.63 106/cm Ω   
1
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
Electron Affinity
125.60 kJ/mol   
5
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
25
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
Molar Heat Capacity
25.35 J/mol·K   
99+
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
429.00 W/m·K   
1
117.00 W/m·K   
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.90 µm/(m·K)   
23
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
255.10 kJ/mol   
37
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.30 kJ/mol   
31
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
284.50 kJ/mol   
37
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
Standard Molar Entropy
42.60 J/mol.K   
35
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
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