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Silver vs Ruthenium

Silver
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Silver


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ag  
Ru  
Group Number
11  
7
8  
10
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440224  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is the most reflective element.
  • Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
  • It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
Before 5000 BC  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
  • It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
29
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.44 p.p.m.  
24
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
961.93 °C  
99+
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
2,212.00 °C  
99+
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
251.00 MPa  
99+
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
229.00 MPa  
99+
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.16  
99+
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
97.00 %  
1
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ag  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.93  
10
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.83  
14
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.47  
28
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.87  
10
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.07  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
27
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
2,070.00 kJ/mol  
11
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,361.00 kJ/mol  
19
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
10
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
24
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
39
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
33
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
31
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
32
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
31
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
25
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
73,100.00 kJ/mol  
22
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
73,100.00 kJ/mol  
17
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
38
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
28
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
35
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
29
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
23
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
21
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
27
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
28
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.02 g/amp-hr  
7
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.26 eV  
27
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
47  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s1  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Silver.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
47  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
61  
99+
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
47  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
144.00 pm  
38
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
172.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
107.87 amu  
99+
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.30 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Palladium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Cadmium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
11.40 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
408.53 pm  
23
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
26
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.49 g/cm3  
37
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
170.00 MPa  
21
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
14
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa  
16
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa  
25
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.50  
39
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
32
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
15.87 nΩ·m  
99+
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.63 106/cm Ω  
1
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
125.60 kJ/mol  
5
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
25
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
25.35 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
429.00 W/m·K  
1
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
1,235.00 K  
99+
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
18.90 µm/(m·K)  
25
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
255.10 kJ/mol  
99+
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.30 kJ/mol  
37
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
284.50 kJ/mol  
99+
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
42.60 J/mol.K  
99+
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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