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Ruthenium vs Mercury

Ruthenium
Mercury
Mercury vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Hg   
Group Number
8   
10
12   
6
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7439976   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
R_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
166.00   
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Ancient Chinese and Indians   
Discovery
In 1844   
Before 2000 BCE   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Dentistry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
23
In Bone
Not Available   
0.45 p.p.m.   
19
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
Not Available   
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
356.58 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Liquid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
1,451.40 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.00   
3
Reflectivity
Not Available   
73.00 %   
8
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Hg   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.20   
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.81   
9
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
1.44   
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
1,007.10 kJ/mol   
4
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,810.00 kJ/mol   
20
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
3,300.00 kJ/mol   
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.74 g/amp-hr   
10
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
4.49 eV   
15
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
80   
36
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
80   
36
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
121   
22
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
80   
36
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
155.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
200.59 amu   
32
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
14.82 cm3/mol   
35
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Gold
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Thallium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
28.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
300.50 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
13.53 g/cm3   
24
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
0.00   
1
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
13.53   
16
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
961.00 nΩ·m   
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.14 J/(kg K)   
38
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
27.98 J/mol·K   
13
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
8.30 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
1,750.00 K   
6
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
60.40 µm/(m·K)   
5
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
56.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
2.29 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
61.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
75.80 J/mol.K   
6
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