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Mercury vs Ruthenium

Mercury
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Mercury


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg  
Ru  
Group Number
12  
6
8  
10
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439976  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
R_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.09 %  
2
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %  
9
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
23
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.  
23
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
-38.83 °C  
99+
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
356.58 °C  
99+
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Liquid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
5.00 MPa  
99+
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
0.00 MPa  
99+
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s  
99+
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
73.00 %  
10
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hg  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81  
17
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.44  
34
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
4
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol  
21
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
20
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
100,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
24
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
20
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
11
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
33
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
8
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
36
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
2
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
5
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
6
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr  
10
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV  
20
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
80  
36
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
80  
36
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
121  
23
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
80  
36
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu  
32
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gold
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Thallium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
0.42  
99+
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3  
25
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.55 g/cm3  
27
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
4
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
25.00 GPa  
99+
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa  
99+
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.53  
27
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
20
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m  
1
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
39
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K  
16
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K  
99+
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K  
33
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)  
5
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol  
99+
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol  
99+
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol  
99+
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K  
6
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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