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Ruthenium vs Nickel

Ruthenium
Nickel
Nickel vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Ni   
Group Number
8   
10
10   
8
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
Not Available   
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.75   
3
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
Not Available   
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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