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Ruthenium vs Nickel

Ruthenium
Nickel
Nickel vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Ni  
Group Number
8  
10
10  
8
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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