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Nickel vs Ruthenium

Nickel
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni  
Ru  
Group Number
10  
8
8  
10
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440020  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1751  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
5
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
3
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %  
3
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
15
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C  
31
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C  
40
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa  
20
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa  
24
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s  
16
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.68  
28
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ni  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91  
11
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94  
12
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.91  
12
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.88  
9
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV  
6
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
28  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
31  
99+
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
28  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu  
99+
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
13
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
8
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)  
6
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa  
12
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa  
12
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90  
99+
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
2
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
600.00  
2
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K  
18
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
1,728.00 K  
35
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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