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Nickel vs Ruthenium

Nickel
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni   
Ru   
Group Number
10   
8
8   
10
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440020   
99+
7440188   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Karl Ernst Claus   
Discovery
In 1751   
In 1844   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-3 %   
4
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.008 %   
3
~0.0000005 %   
22
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %   
3
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
15
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
13
0.00 %   
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
14
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
Not Available   
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C   
31
2,250.00 °C   
8
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C   
38
3,900.00 °C   
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00   
10
6.50   
5
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa   
18
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa   
16
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s   
12
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
72.00 %   
9
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ni   
Ru   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25   
14
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91   
10
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94   
10
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75   
3
1.42   
18
Allen Electronegativity
1.88   
6
1.54   
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09   
99+
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV   
2
4.71 eV   
9
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
28   
99+
44   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28   
99+
44   
99+
Number of Neutrons
31   
99+
57   
99+
Number of Electrons
28   
99+
44   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm   
99+
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm   
99+
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu   
99+
101.07 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
64.00 (-eV)   
22
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm   
99+
270.59 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
12.45 g/cm3   
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3   
29
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa   
11
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)   
6
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa   
12
173.00 GPa   
4
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
220.00 GPa   
7
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa   
11
447.00 GPa   
3
Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90   
33
12.45   
19
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
0.00 H/m   
2
Not Available   
Susceptibility
600.00   
2
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K   
18
117.00 W/m·K   
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
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