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Ruthenium vs Cobalt

Ruthenium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Co  
Group Number
8  
10
9  
9
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440484  
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Georg Brandt  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1732  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.06 %  
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
20
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
1,495.00 °C  
29
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
2,870.00 °C  
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
470.00 MPa  
31
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
1,043.00 MPa  
18
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
4,720.00 m/s  
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-Cobalt  
β Allotropes
-  
β-Cobalt  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Co  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.88  
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
2.56  
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.70  
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.88  
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.84  
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.12  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
5.00 eV  
9
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
22  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
22  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
26  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
22  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
147.00 pm  
36
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
95.20 (-eV)  
10
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
295.08 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.26  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
434.00 MPa  
10
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
116.00 GPa  
20
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
4,500.00  
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
3
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
1,768.00 K  
32
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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